Tetanus

Tetanus is a bacterial disease that causes intense, painful muscle spasms, headache and difficulty swallowing. About 30 percent of tetanus cases are fatal. Tetanus is caused by a toxin, or poisonous substance, produced by the bacterium Clostridium tetani. The toxin attacks the part of the spinal cord that controls the muscles. Spores of the bacteria are found in soil, dust and manure, and can enter the body through a cut, usually a deep puncture wound. You cannot get tetanus from someone else.

Tetanus is now rare in this country because children are immunized against it, in a combination vaccination that also protects against diphtheria and pertussis (DTaP). Most cases today are found in elderly people who have not had a tetanus booster vaccination in more than 12 to 15 years. Adults should get a tetanus-diphtheria (Td) booster every 10 years throughout life. You cannot get tetanus from the vaccine.

Symptoms appear three days to three weeks after the spores enter the body. Recovery can take several months, with possible complications that include respiratory problems, fractures, blood clots and pneumonia. Having a tetanus infection does not protect you against future infections. The only way to do that is to get a tetanus booster every 10 years.

What to Do

To prevent tetanus, make sure your tetanus booster is up to date. You should get a booster every 10 years. See your doctor if you have a deep, dirty wound.

Special Concerns for Children With Tetanus

Make sure your children are up to date on their tetanus vaccination, usually given in combination with diphtheria and pertussis.

Self-care Steps for Tetanus

If you get a wound, care for it properly by cleaning it with soap and water, and using an antiseptic on it. If the wound is deep or dirty and you haven't had a tetanus booster in more than five years, you may need to get a new booster.